
全髋关节置换第一个50年 经验教训
TheFirst50YearsofTotalHipArthroplasty
LessonsLearned
全髋关节置换第一个50年经验教训
WilliamH.HarrisMD,DSc
Publishedonline:4November2008
TheAssociationofBoneandJointSurgeons2008
AbstractFiftyyearshavepassedsincethefirsttotalhiparthroplastyofthemodernerawasperformed.Atthis,the
vantagepoint,itisreasonabletoreviewthesefivedecades,inquiringbehindthesingledominatingobservationthat,initscurrentform,thisoperationisoneofthemostsuccessfulofallsurgicalproceduresforthemanagementofend-stagehumandisease.Whatarethegenericlessonsthatcanbederivedfromtheexperience?Succinctly,fivemajor
observationsappearvaluable.Theyare‘‘skunkworks,’’‘‘Pasteur’smotto,’’‘‘thetotallyunexpected,’’‘‘researchsolutions,’’and‘‘theroleofalternatives.’’‘‘Skunkworks,’’
anindustrialmanagementterm,mightbecharacterizedasaninnovativeendeavorthatisofflineandoff-budget
resultingfromtherelentlesspursuitofavividdreambycreativezealotswhoeschewdefeat.Pasteur’smottodealt
withserendipity,whichwascrucialtototalhiparthroplastyprogress.Thetotallyunexpectedisrepresentedbyan
entirelynewmanmadedisease,‘‘periprostheticosteolysis.’’Theresearchsolutionsarerepresentedbythecomplex,sophisticatedcontemporaryresearchthathasunraveledperiprostheticosteolysisandsuggestedmodesofcorrection.Finally,theapplicationof‘‘alternatives’’hascharacterizedmajorprogress.Importantly,these,orsimilargenericobservations,mayprovideinsightsintoimportantprogressinthefuture.
摘要:从当今时代完成第一例全髋关节置换到今天,50年过去了,目前,站在技术的最高点,我们有必要回顾一下这50多年走过的历程,探究走到成功今天背后的故事,在目前的形势下,全髋关节置换是目前对于终末期病变进行手术的最成功的是手术之一,我们能从这些经验中得出什么教训呢?简洁地说,五大宝贵的意见有价值。他们是''臭鼬工厂,''''巴斯德的座右铭,完全出乎意料'''',''''研究解决方案,''和''的替代作用。臭鼬工厂'''','一些工业管理词汇,可能刻画出创新努力是离线和非预算结果从一个生动的梦不懈追求谁避开失败创意痴迷者的(太复杂了,不能理顺)巴斯德的座右铭处理
有意外收获,这是对全髋关节置换手术流程至关重要。在完全出乎意料的出现了全新的人为病变,假体周围骨溶解''。'解决方法很复杂,现代研究揭示了假体周围骨溶解,并表明了处理的方法.最后,某些替代产品的使用取得了很大的进步。重要的是,这些或类似产品的使用经验,可能为今后重大手术提供教训。
Introduction
Thefirst50yearsofTHAinthemodernerahaspassed.
Thus,itisreasonabletoexamineretrospectivelythisfivedecade
experienceandinquireintowhatlessonscanbe
derivedfromsuchareview,lessonsthatliebehindthe
singledominantobservationthatinitspresentform,THA
representsoneofthemostsuccessfulmajoroperationsever
devisedforthetreatmentofend-stagehumandisease.
Manyideasconcepts,developments,andinventions
havecontributedtothecurrentstateoftheart,butasimple
listingofeachoftheselandmarkswouldbelessvaluable
thanabroader,genericassessmentofthemajorcontributions.
Suchabroadoverview,moreover,couldbehelpful
foraccessingkeyingredientsinbothfuturedevelopmentof
THAandforthedevelopmentofotherparallelinnovative
endeavors.
介绍
当代全髋关节置换第一个50年已经过去了,然而,回顾这50年的经验和探讨我们能从回顾中获得哪些教训是有意义的,教训在于在目前形势下我们对以前的主观观察,THA代表了对于终末期病变手术中最成功的大手术之一,很多想法观念,发展和发明造就了目前最先进的手术技术,
一个简单的里程碑的列举相对于大的贡献广泛的,一般的评估显得毫无意义,如此广泛的总结更多是在将来THA发展和其他方面创新努力发展中对接触到关键成分有帮助。
Thefivebroadimportantobservations,someobvious
andsomenot,thatcanbedrawnfromthis50-yearexperience
canbehighlightedasfollows:(1)skunkworks;(2)
Pasteur’smotto;(3)thetotallyunexpected;(4)research
works;and(5)theroleofalternatives.
5个重要的观察点,一些比较明显,一些不明显,这些都是从50年经验中提取出来并强调的,包括臭鼬工厂,''''巴斯德的座右铭,完全出乎意料'''',''''研究解决方案,''和''的替代品作用。''
TheFiveObservations
Abriefdescriptionofthesefivelessonsandtheirrolesin
50yearsofprogressfollows.Thedefinitionof‘‘skunkworks’’bytheMcKenzie
Company,theindustrialconsultants,maybeparaphrased
tobeaverynontraditionalinnovativeeffort,whichisoffline,off-budget,remarkablyinnovative,drivenbycreative
zealots,uninhibitedbyfailure,andrelentless.
ThedevelopmentofTHA,particularlyintheguiseof
SirJohnCharnley,isaclassic‘‘skunkworks.’’Inthe
Teflonexperience,theshort-termclinicalresultswere
nearlyasstunningastheincrediblyhighfailurerates[4].
Recallthatatonetime,thesinglemostcommonoperation
CharnleydidwasresectionarthroplastyonafailedTeflon
THA.5个观察点
简单的描述了这5条经验,和50年经历中的作用,臭鼬工厂'''由麦肯齐公司定义,一个工业顾问,可能是转述
是一个非常非传统的创新努力,这是离线,非预算,明显的创新,通过创造性的驱动狂热者,,而无情,在THA的发展,特别是在伪装约翰爵士查恩利,是一个典型的''臭鼬工程。''在
Teflon的经验,短期临床结果是令人难以置信的惊人的高失败率,在同一时间回想一下,查恩利所做的一个最常见的操作是在一个失败的TELFLON全髋关节上做切除成形术
Yet,thecontemporaryoverallmagnificentresultsof
THAspeaktotheunbelievabledrive,intelligence,dedication,
andpersistenceofafew,primarilySirJohn
Charnley,butalsoBoutinandMcKee.Oneofthegreatest
scientistsofalltime,LouisPasteur,hadamottothatmight
looselybetranslatedas‘‘Chancefavorstheprepared
mind.’’Thisisserendipity.
然而,当代整体THK理想的效果
来源于,少数人的令人难以置信的驱动器,智力,奉献,
和持久性,主要是爵士
查恩利,也有布廷和麦基的努力。最伟大的科学家LouisPasteur有句座右铭可以翻译为“机会总是眷顾有准备的头脑”,这是意外收获
Theserendipityexamplesinthe
developmentofTHAhaveuniqueclarity.Inbrief,
Charnley’squestiondealingwithaplasticgroutingmaterial
forfixationofthefemoralcomponentwasaddressedto
DennisSmith,achemistworkingforaPhDdegreeat
TurnerDentalHospitalinManchester,UK[4].
THA发展中意外的收获具有独特的性质。简言之,
查恩利的为固定的股骨假体与处理灌浆材料塑问题写给
丹尼斯史密斯的信,一位英国曼彻斯特特纳口腔医院工作化的博士
Charnley
asked‘‘whatplasticscouldbeusedtoholdahipprosthesis
inthefemur?’’Smith’sanswer,‘‘methylmethacrylate,’’
wasbasedontheuseofmethylmethacrylateinthemouth,
whichisfarfrombeingequivalenttoitsuseintheinternal
milieuofthebody.However,hisanswerworked.Itisstill
working50yearslater.Thatisserendipity.
Charnley问道什么塑料材料可以用来支撑股骨的髋关节假体smith的回答是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,甲基丙烯酸甲酯是基于用在口腔领域,这是远未相当于其在身体内部使用,然而,他的答案发挥了作用,直到50年后我们仍然在使用这个是个意外的收获
AsPasteur’sexperiencereflects,hadCharnley’smind
notbeenpreparedtoaskthequestionandthenactonthe
answerfromDennisSmith,althoughtheanswerwas
unsupportedbyfact,THAwouldhavebeensetback
decades.据Pasteur的经验反射出,Charnley本来没有准备问问题,和期待从DennisSmith得到答案,虽然这个答案没有被现实采用,但是那样的话,THA技术可能要倒退几十年。
Similarly,thestoryofCharnley’sintroductiontoultrahigh-
molecular-weightpolyethylene(UHMWPE),again
centraltotheentire50-yeareffortandthesaviorofhisTeflon
experience,ispureserendipity.AnUHMWPEsalesman
madetheunusualdeductionthatbecausehispolyethylene
wasusedinmakinggears,itmightbeacceptabletouseinthe
bodyforTHAs.HevisitedCharnley’slaboratorytechnician.
Charnleydismissedthematerial.Charnley’slaboratory
techniciantestedthismaterialatnightwithouttellinghis
bossandhistorywasmade[4].
Thethirddominatinglessonistheimportanceofthe
‘‘totallyunexpected.’’Theadmonitiontobelearnedis
‘‘Alwaysexpecttheunexpected.’’Withtheintroductionof
UHMWPEintoTHAinNovember1962,theworldof
THAchangedradically.Theearlywearresultswereso
goodandthedurabilitysomuchimprovedoverTeflonthat
theintensityofmostsubsequentresearchfocusednarrowly
onanentirelydifferentsetofproblems,namelysepsis,
fixation,andfatalpulmonaryemboli.
相似的是,Charnley’s引入了超高分子聚乙烯的故事,在一次对整个50年的努力起关键作用,并成为Teflon的救世主,这个纯粹是意外的收获,
第3个经验是”完全出乎意料''要学习的警告是''总是期待意料之外‘。随着1962年11月超高分子聚乙烯引入全髋关节置换,THA技术进行了***性的改变,早期耐磨效果较好,抗耐磨时间有显著的延长,以至于大多数接下来的研究重点都集中在一系列的完全不同的问题,包括败血症,固定,致命性肺栓塞。
Thefatalpulmonaryembolismratesofoneinevery50
patients[5,6],infectionratesof9.5%to11%[3,25],and
theincreasingfailureofcementfixationdrove
unprecedentedscientificprogramsthathavenowvery
successfullyprotectedmostpatientsagainstallthreeof
thesecomplications.
致命性肺栓塞发生的概率是1/50,感染率是9.5%-11%越来越多的水泥固定失败使
空前的科学方案成功的让大多数患者免于这3种并发症
However,unknowingly,althoughthefocuswasso
intentlyontheseissues,thetotallyunexpected,namely
periprostheticosteolysis[9,23,24],wastotallyunrecognized
andseverelyunderminedthelong-termsuccessof
THA.Specificallybecauseitwasverylatetodevelop,
insidious,clinicallysilent,andwidespread,itwasenigmatic.
Whatwascausingthislatemassivebonelossthat
resembledmetastaticmalignancymorecloselythanany
otherknownpathologyofthatday?
然而,我们不知道的是,虽然焦点集中在这些问题上,但完全出乎意料',假体周围骨溶解未被完全没有认识到,严重对THA手术长期的成功提出挑战,特别是由于它是晚期才发生,隐蔽,临床无症状,范围较广,。
是什么造成了这种巨大的骨质流失,与任何其他也知病变相比更像转移性恶性肿瘤,这是个谜。BecausetheremarkablyslowerwearoftheUHMWPE
wasveryreassuring,nooneenvisionedthatauniquetype
ofwearwasoccurring:thegenerationofsubmicronparticles
throughapreviouslyunknownwearmechanism[11]
and,evenmorealarming,thedestructivemacrophageinduced
responsetotheseparticlesproducedperiprosthetic
osteolysis[10].由于超高分子量聚乙烯的磨损显着缓慢让人觉得放心,没有人预见到一个独特的类型
磨损发生了:通过一个前所未知的磨损机理亚微粒子的产生
[11],更令人震惊的,破坏性的巨噬细胞诱导对亚微离子反应
产生的假体周围骨溶解[10]。
The‘‘unexpected’’layinthefactthattheveryprocessof
creatingasuccessfulartificialtotaljointhadinadvertently
produced,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,aninvivo
wearmachinethatspewedoutazilliontinyparticlesin
vivooverdecadesoftime[12].Thus,anew,unique,
manmade,‘‘neverseenbefore’’diseasewascreatedwithout
realizingit:thetotallyunexpected.
出乎意料在于创造一个成功的人工全关节在不经意间,非常快的
生产这个事实,在人类历史上第一次,在体内
机械磨损中产生了无数个超过十年的时间微小的颗粒
[12]。因此,新,特,人为的,以前从未见过的疾病毫无认识的产生了''':完全出乎意料的。
Thefourthlessonliesintheunravelingofthisbizarre
processofperiprostheticosteolysis.Thesolutionofthis
enigmaspeakstothestrengthofcontemporarymedical
researchintheWesternworld.Periprostheticosteolysisis
nowextensivelyunderstoodintermsofitsmechanismof
action,thematerialscienceinvolved,andthecomplex
molecularbiologythatunderliesit[10,11].Fromamyriad
ofmultifacetedinvestigationshavecomenotonlyan
understandingofthenatureoftheproblem,butalsoseveral
verypromisingbutwidelydisparatemodesofreduction,
prevention,and/ortreatmentoftheproblem[13,16,19,21,
22].Atadifferenttimeinhumanhistory,suchcouldnot
haveoccurred.Atadifferentplaceintheworldduringthis
sametime,otherthanWesterncivilizationwithits
emphasisonscienceanditsresources,solutionswouldbe
unlikely.Researchworks.
第4个经验在于这个奇特的假体周围骨溶解过程的揭示,这种谜底的解决
见证了在西方世界现代医学研究的力量,如今假体周围骨溶解的机制,我们广泛掌握,也涉及到材料科学、复杂的分子生物学。
从无数多方面的调查得到的不仅是
问题实质的理解,而且是几个
非常有前途的,但不同的方式复位,
预防和/问题的处理[13,16,19,21治疗,
22]。在人类历史上的不同时间,诸内事件不再发生。在相同时间内,在世界不同的地方,如果西方文明不重视科学和资源,解决将问题不太可能。更不说研究工作。
Finally,thefifthmajorlessonfromthesefirst50yearsis
theroleofalternatives.GalanteandRostokerand
coworkersreceivedaKappaDeltaAwardin1970ona
strangenewidea[7],namelybonyingrowth,abiologic
formofcomponentfixation.Thirty-eightyearslater,thisis
thedominantformoffixationforTHAthroughoutNorth
Americaandastrongcontenderworldwide.Justas
CharnleyandMcKeethought‘‘outsidethebox’’intheir
questforatotallyartificialhip,GalanteandRostoker
overturnedthe‘‘grout’’conceptofskeletalfixationand
thoughtbiologically.
最后第一个50年回顾中第5个经验是替代产品的出现,加兰特和Rostoker和同事们在1970年因为一个奇怪的思路获得到KappaDelta奖[7],即骨长入,一种组件固定生物形式。三十八年后,在北美
美国和一个强大的全球竞争者这是
在THA主要固定形式。正如
查恩利和麦基思追求一个完全人工髋关节想出——,加兰特和Rostoker
推翻了''''生物学固定骨骼灌浆的概念。
Similarly,thealternativesofceramic[8]andofmetalon-
metal[14,20]articulationshaveprovensuccessful.
Moreover,subsequenttothenewunderstandingofthe
mechanismsoflysisfromUHMWPEinhumans,the
innovationsofcrosslinkingplusmelting[14,15,20]or
crosslinkingwithaddedantioxidants[17,18]havereestablished
metal-on-crosslinkedpolyethyleneasaleading
choiceforarticulation[1].Thesealternatebearingshave
alsodecreasedlooseningofthecomponents,increased
durabilityoftheoperations,andincreasedtheopportunity
tooperatesuccessfullyonyoungerpatients.Moreover,the
alternativebearingshavesubstantiallyimprovedtheissues
ofrangeofmotion,dislocation,andtreatmentofdislocation
[2].
相似的是,陶瓷和金属-金属关节面替代假体也被证明是成功的。更多的是,接下来对超高分子聚乙烯假体骨溶解的最新认识,加交联熔炼的技术创新,或交联补充抗氧化剂重新确立了金属-交联聚乙烯做了关节面的主流选择,
这些备用轴承也减少了部件松动,增加活动的耐久性,并增加了对年轻患者手术成功的机会。此外,
轴承,大大提高了活动、脱位范围,错位的治疗
Discussion
Asingularlimitationoftheselectionofthesefive‘‘lessons’’
fromtheexperienceofthefirst50yearsofTHAis
thatitrepresentstheanalysisofasingleobserver.Oneof
thestrengthsmaybethatthesingleobserverhasfollowed
andbeenaparticipantintheexperience
throughout42ofthoseyears.Perhapsstrengthliesin
lookingbroadlyatthetypesofprocessesthatdominated
theprogressoverthatdurationratherthanlistingmultiple
individualmilestones.
讨论
THA手术第一个50年的这五个教训'选择的局限性是他代表了单个观察者的分析。其中一个
可能是一个观察者通过42年的随访或者作为参与者得到的,。起优势在于
广泛,深入的看待那些主导手术的过程类型,而不是列出多个个人的里程碑贡献。
InNorthAmerica,thefemoralcomponentsimplanted
aremostlycementless.Theacetabularcomponentsusedare
largelycementless.Alternatebearingsdominatewitha
growingmovementtowardheads32mmorlarger.Does
thismeanwehaveabandonedCharnley,asasuperficial
readingwouldsuggest?Farfromit.Hisinnovationandhis
unswervingpursuitofhisdreamunderlieeverythingthat
hasbeendoneinthepast50years.Indeed,duringthose
fivedecades,theprocessofTHAhasbeenbuiltbetter,
muchbetter.Inthefuture,moreandbetterthingswill
come,butinthatprocess,thisexperienceemphasizesthatit
iscrucialtokeepclearlyinmindthesefivekeyfeatures,
namely‘‘skunkworks,’’Pasteur’smotto,thetotallyunexpected,
thepowerofcontemporarymedicalresearch,and
theroleofalternativesaswell,obviously,as-yetadditional
unanticipatedlessons.
在南美,股骨假体成分大多是非骨水泥的,髋臼假体达到也是非骨水泥的,可以选择的耐磨面是32mm头或者更大的可以延长运动的为主,这是否意味着我们抛弃Charnley观念,是否是个肤浅的建议?远远不是这样,他的创新
和对梦想不懈追求奠定了在每件在过去的50年做的事。的确,在那50年,THA手术技术发展的好,更好,在将来,更多更好的假体将要诞生,但是在那个过程,这些经验告诉我们要时刻谨记着5个关键的教训,那便是''臭鼬工厂,''''巴斯德的座右铭,完全出乎意料'''','''当今医学研究的力量,'替代品作用。很明显,没有额外未预料到的教训
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