罕见病的定义

对顾名思义，罕见病是指那些发病率极低的疾病。罕见疾病又称“孤儿病”，在中国没有明确的定义。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义，罕见病为患病人数占总人口的0.65‰～1‰的疾病。世界各国根据自己国家的具体情况，对罕见病的认定标准存在一定的差异。例如，美国将罕见病定义为每年患病人数少于20万人（或发病人口比例小于1/1500）的疾病；日本规定，罕见病为患病人数少于5万（或发病人口比例为1/2500）的疾病，中国台湾则以万分之一以下的发病率作为罕见病的标准。

There is no single, widely accepted definition for rare diseases. Some definitions rely solely on the number of people living with a disease, and other definitions include other factors, such as the existence of adequate treatments or the severity of the disease.

In the United States, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002 defines rare disease strictly according to prevalence, specifically "any disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States",[3] or about 1 in 1,500 people. This definition is essentially the same as that of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, a federal law that was written to encourage research into rare diseases and possible cures.

In Japan, the legal definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 50,000 patients in Japan, or about 1 in 2,500 people.[4]

However, the European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as "life-threatening

or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them."[5] The term low prevalence is later defined as generally meaning fewer than 1 in 2,000 people.[6] Diseases that are statistically rare, but not also life-threatening, chronically debilitating, or inadequately treated, are excluded from their definition.

The definitions used in the medical literature and by national health plans are similarly divided, with definitions ranging from 1/1,000 to 1/200,000.[4]