
经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术的临床进展
摘要:目前我国正逐渐进入人口老龄化社会,脊柱退行性疾病发生率呈持续增长状态,高龄腰痛(Low back pain, LBP)病患数量也大幅增多,其中椎间不稳(Vertical instability, VI)作为当前多发的临床难题,此类患者经常合并多种内科基础疾病,导致手术治疗存在较大的风险和较高的手术并发症发生率。随着预期寿命的增加,老年患者在晚年生活中仍较为积极活跃,但长期LBP严重影响着老年患者的活动能力和生活质量,如何合理诊治高龄LBP患者考验着每一位骨科医生的临床智慧。本文通过对经皮腰椎间盘骨水泥成形术(Percutaneous cement discoplasty, PCD)的综述,来简要介绍椎间盘骨水泥成形术的研究近况,目前临床资料研究证明,PCD后具有满意的镇痛和稳定脊柱的作用,能减轻腰背痛和活动受限,可明显提高患者的生存质量。
关键词:经皮腰椎间盘骨水泥成形术;椎间不稳;腰痛;进展
Abstract: At present, China has gradually entered the population aging society, the incidence of spinal degenerative diseases has increased continuously, and the number of elderly patients with low back pain(LBP) has also increaseed significantly. Vertical Instability(VI) is a frequent clinical problem among them. Such patients are often combined with a variety of medical diseases, resulting in greater risk of surgical treatment and higher incidence of surgical complications. With the increase of life expectancy, elderly patients are still more active in their old age, but long term LBP seriously affects the activity and quality of life. How to rationally diagnose and treat elderly patients with LBP is the test of clinical wisdom of every orthopedics doctor.This paper briefly introduces the recent research status of percutaneous cement discoplasty(PCD) through the review of PCD. PCD have very effective analgesia eftect and stahling vertebral function proved by clinical data and evidence-based medicine.They can relieve LBP and limited mobility,so to improve the quality of life of patients significantly.
Key words: Percutaneous Cement Discoplasty; Vertical Instability; Low Back Pain; Progress
在临床上椎间不稳(vertical Instability, VI)以腰椎较为多见,常伴发腰椎的轴性痛和下肢的放射痛,严重可导致患者残疾,给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担[1]。尽管多数VI患者采用中医中药、针灸理疗、中医手法复位等治疗就能获得良好疗效,但对于病情较重的患者来说,手术治疗是目前最为有效的干预手段,其中后路腰椎椎间融合术(Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion, PLIF)作为金标准,曾是最为广泛使用的术式之一[2],而经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(Transforminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion, TLIF)凭借更高的椎间融合率等优势,其逐渐取代PLIF 作为治疗腰椎不稳、腰椎滑脱的最佳选择[3-7],近来MIS-TLIF(Minimally Invasive Surgery-Transforminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion)[8]、改良Jaslow技术[9-11] 等术式也凭借在手术创伤、手术时间、住院时间、术中出血及Oswestry功能障碍指数 (Oswestry disability index, ODI)等方面的优势占据一席之地。
虽然这些腰椎椎间融合术均达到了脊柱轴向的力学支撑、脊髓神经根的减压、脊柱前凸畸形的矫正、降低邻近关节病(adjacent segment disease, ASD)[12]的发生,但长期随访疗效并不乐观,以MIS-TLIF 为例,其术后五年并发症率7.7%-23.0%,再次翻修手术率1.6-6%[13],其中椎弓根螺钉松动、椎间融合器脱出、椎体终板塌陷是主要原因。而重度脊柱畸形及退变性脊柱不稳的手术失败,则与手术创口感染、骨不连等并发症主导的高致死率紧密相连[14-16]。因此,如何更好地对不稳的椎间隙进行牢靠的固定成为骨科医师亟待解决的问题。经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术(Percutaneous Cement Discoplasty, PCD)是在经皮椎体成形术(Percutaneous Vertebroplas, PVP)基础上发展起来的一种新兴微创技术,通过经皮向椎间盘内注入适量骨水泥,通过骨水泥塑形来增加椎间盘高度,达到增加椎体强度、提高脊柱稳定性、缓解疼痛、提高患者生活质量的目的。本文就近年来国内外关于PCD的研究近况进行系统综述, 通过对椎间盘骨水泥成形术进行整理、分析、综述,并阐明椎间盘骨水泥成形术相关的关键技术并梳理该术式的利弊之处,为临床医师和研究者提供借鉴经验。
1、历史
高黏度聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA)材料因优异的稳定性、生物相容性以及临床应用中的低并发症发生率、低成本等优势,被广泛应用于骨科临床,1987年Galibert等[17]首次报道了骨水泥注入椎体的PVP技术,1990年这一技术被应用于治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotie vertebral compression fractures, OVCF)。
2008年,匈牙利骨科医师P.P. Varga等[18]最早且首次报道并命名PCD,他们在PVP术中发现骨水泥渗漏至邻近伴有真空征(vacuum phenomena, VP)的椎间盘内,术后复查X线发现术前的VI消失,此后将PMMA应用于高风险的老年VI患者并取得满意效果,开创了PCD微创治疗的先河;国内介入科医师吴春根等[19]较早报道PCD的临床应用。
2、椎间不稳机制
椎间不稳是指脊柱体位正常负荷下,椎体不能保持互相之间的正常位置关系而发生的病理变换,表现为椎体在任意方向上的相对位移,失去稳定的特性[20]。
在正常的生理负荷下,腰椎间盘、腰椎间关节突、腰椎后方韧带复合体和肌肉共同维持着正常腰椎之间的对位和腰椎生理曲度,其中包含着复杂的轴向应力及水平剪切力作用。当腰椎间盘发生退行性改变,腰椎间高度降低时,其余结构则需代偿性承担更大的作用力,长此以往可导致腰椎间盘高度丢失、腰椎关节突增生、黄韧带肥厚、腰椎峡部裂及腰椎曲度增加等一系列继发改变。此外,VI持续发展,可能会造成脊神经根的牵拉以及椎间盘突出对椎间孔的挤压,都可能会造成神经根的不可逆性损害。同时有学者将真空征[21]及手风琴现象(Accordion Phenomenon, AP)[21]作为椎间盘塌陷、椎间不稳的一种重要影像学标志。
3、适应症
P.P.Varga等[18]2015年在临床即已开始开展PCD手术,主要用于腰椎融合,椎间隙内注射骨水泥用于替代椎间融合器,同年并进行了一组47例腰痛患者的临床研究报道[18; 22; 23],包括大量伴有下肢根性症状的患者,术后随访获得良好的临床疗效,其中根性症状主要来自椎间隙的轴向不稳导致的椎间孔动态狭窄,VP和AP表明椎间盘退变过程中在纤维环内部自然形成的额外空间,PCD则通过撑开椎间隙从而实现缓解下肢症状的目的。
这些患者影像学特点包括: X线和CT检查提示多个椎间隙存在真空征象;与站立位腰椎X线相比,卧位腰椎CT显示各椎间隙高度有明显增加,提示椎间节段存在轴向不稳征象,所谓“手风琴现象”;腰椎Bending位片提示各节段未发生骨性强直或自发性融合,仍存在一定活动度;腰椎MRI显示椎管仅存在轻度狭窄,无明显的神经受压征象。
综合P.P.Varga[18]、LaszioKiss[22]和CarlosSloa[23]的研究报道,初步认为PCD的主要临床应用指征为:①存在机械性腰痛的高龄患者,伴或不伴轴向不稳相关的下肢根性症状;②X 线或CT 影像中椎间隙出现气体密度影,椎间隙存在真空征象,且站位或仰卧位时,椎间隙高度发生动态变化;③伴有单节段或多节段的脊柱畸形或退行性椎体滑脱;④因高手术风险、不能耐受开放手术或存在手术明确禁忌的患者。
4、禁忌症
CarlosSloa[23]在报告中详细阐述了PCD的禁忌症,其中相对禁忌症包括:①严重骨质疏松,PCD将会增加相邻节段椎体压缩性骨折的风险,建议在PCD 之前进行良好的抗骨质疏松治疗;②脊柱严重畸形,其需要恢复脊柱的生理曲度,及重建矢状位或冠状位力学平衡,与PCD 的治疗原理和手术目的不符;③肥胖,脂肪过多会影响术中透视效果,增加操作风险,直接影响手术效果。此外,处于活动期的感染以及肿瘤被列入绝对禁忌症的范围。
5、手术要点
5.1 体位:与椎体成形术类似,患者体位采用俯卧位,适当双侧膝部支撑,增加脊柱前凸角度,尽可能地恢复手术节段的椎间盘高度,应避免髋关节过伸,以免腹股沟处股动脉发生压迫。
5.2 穿刺点:术前根据X线片、CT或MRI检查确定病变的位置、确定穿刺点是左侧还是右侧、确定深度角度,常规采用体表克氏针交叉透视定位并在体表标记。术中透视需获得手术间隙上下终板平行图像,否则不进行穿刺,穿刺点位置一般选择在脊柱中线外侧5-10cm,经椎弓根外侧或椎弓根穿刺进入Kambin 安全三角区[24; 25],抵达椎间盘后缘。其中L5-S1节段穿刺操作困难,尤其是肥胖者,CariosSola[23]建议L5-S1节段采用S1 椎弓根穿刺,经骶椎上终板再抵达椎间盘,其余均可采用椎弓根外侧穿刺。
5.3 骨水泥:骨水泥制备需进行时间监测,避免过早或过晚进行骨水泥注射,骨水泥混合约4-5分钟后达到牙膏状时便可通过套管注入椎间盘内腔。骨水泥总注入量的差异较大,其中P.P. Varga等[18]报告3-5mL,CarlosSloa[23]为5-6mL,LaszioKiss[22]为3-10mL,具体应根据术中透视情况动态调整,骨水泥弥散至椎体后缘或术中神经电生理监测出现异常需立刻停止注射,过多注射将增加骨水泥渗漏、神经根压迫和临近锥体骨折风险[19]。
6、手术疗效
目前对骨水泥椎间盘成形术的生物力学效应报道很少,Chloe Techens[25]的一项体外研究报道,研究椎间盘成形术对模拟退变椎间盘的生物力学影响,研究显示,椎间盘成形术恢复了临床上观察到的椎间隙高度,打开了神经孔,但不影响脊柱的活动度或僵硬。
P.P. Varga[18]早期报道47例患者共130个椎间盘接受PCD治疗,术后无神经损伤的发生,手术前后腰痛、腿痛的VAS评分(Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)和ODI评分情况,术后明显改善,大多数患者术后下腰痛和腿痛有所减轻,分别为69%和66%。PCD可以治疗严重腰椎间盘退行性疾病引起的轴性腰痛和功能障碍,同时术后可以纠正腰椎畸形,并达到椎间孔的间接减压的效果,尤其适合于不易行开放手术的老年患者。LaszioKiss等[22]研究发现PCD术后骶骨倾斜(Sacral Slope, SS)显著增加,骨盆倾斜骨度(Pelvic Tilt, PT)明显降低,腰椎节段性和整体前凸角、椎间盘和椎间孔高度均显著增加,且术后VAS和ODI评分明显改善。研究显示,PCD 稳定脊柱的同时,可以不同程度恢复椎间隙高度,改善后凸畸形,达到椎间孔间接减压的作用[24; 26-36]。
7、作用机制及优势
与脊柱外科椎体融合术及传统的经皮椎体成形术相比,作用机制及优势表现为以下方面:①改善患者脊柱稳定性。脊柱功能单位具有支撑、抗弯及抗滑功能,能获得较好的稳定性,同时维持椎间隙高度,增加椎管及椎间孔容积,减少小关节压力,使椎管与硬脊膜、椎间孔与神经根恢复正常解剖关系。②骨水泥在椎间盘内分布形状趋向于饼状,更加符合人体的生物力学,降低了相邻椎体骨折的风险。③骨水泥的化学效应、热效应及细胞毒性作用,能够灭活分布在纤维环外层的痛觉神经末梢,使之失去接收和传递疼痛信号的能力。④因为经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术融不需要植骨及植入内固定,因此避免了钝性分离肌肉,去除某些骨性结构等操作,降低了并发症(出血、感染、损伤肌肉、神经损伤等)发生概率,同时椎体周围正常肌肉、韧带、关节突的存在,有利于躯体承受外力作用,维持脊柱稳定性。⑤目前在传统的椎体融合术中自体髂骨仍是椎间植骨的最常用部位,但是患者面临着髂骨取骨后的诸多发症:长期的局部疼痛、髂骨骨折、局部感染、没有充足的供应量等,近代椎间融合器的出现作为椎间融合材料,同样存在融合器安装位置不良、融合器塌陷、融合器后移位、椎间隙感染等并发症,而经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术采用骨水泥作为椎间融合术椎间融合材料,患者取得满意的一定的临床疗效后,避免了以上风险。⑥经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术采用局麻,经皮建立工作通道,手术更加微创,符合老年群体患者的需求。
8、手术并发症
PCD的并发症与PVP等手术类似,主要包括:脊髓及神经根损伤、静脉渗漏及肺栓塞、骨水泥周围渗漏、骨水泥反应和邻近椎体骨折。除常见的骨水泥渗漏到椎管或血管以外,胸椎段有注入的骨水泥压迫纵隔内血管、食管及气管等重要脏器的风险,从而引起相应症状,如呼吸困难、吞咽困难、循环系统异常等。骨水泥周围渗漏是目前研究主要的并发症,LaszioKiss[22]的研究中有3位患者出现了骨水泥渗漏引起左下肢放射性疼痛的症状,术后复查均为L5/S1节段骨水泥渗漏至椎间孔压迫相应神经根,二次手术清除后症状缓解。在程英升[19]的研究中有1位的患者发生沿穿刺通道的骨水泥渗漏,术后出现穿刺侧的下腰痛,未做特殊处理,24h后逐渐缓解。
9、前景
填充材料:研究报道[37]PMMA融合成骨矿化胶原(Mineralized collagen, MC),PMMA和PMMA-MC分别与巨噬细胞的相互作用,发现MC的加入可以阻碍巨噬细胞的增殖和融合,从而促进骨整合和减少纤维组织形成,同时,PMMA-MC的亲水性、骨骼的力学性能及弹性均得到提高,MC的引入并没有改变PMMA的作用和凝固时间,使其成为PCD手术填充的有前途的候选材料,但目前尚未进入临床阶段。
腰椎间盘突出症治疗:2017年程英升等[19]将PCD与经皮腰椎间盘切除术(percutaneous lumbar discectomy,PLD)相结合治疗症状性腰椎间盘突出症伴随终板Modic I型改变患者,取得了较好的效果,手术操作时先穿刺以建立工作通道,使用髓核钳咬除髓核及前部的纤维环,人为创造骨水泥填充的空间。PLD联合PCD可作为老年腰椎间盘突出症和Modic I型终板改变患者的可选治疗方法,对于因一般情况不佳难以耐受传统开放手术或不愿意接受开放手术的患者来说,这似乎是一个很有希望的选择。同样田庆华等[38]研究PLD联合PCD治疗老年疼痛性腰椎间盘突出症的安全性和有效性,16例高龄患者均获得满意效果,末次随访时疼痛缓解率为87.5%。
10、结语
目前研究表明,经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术是以经皮椎体成形术为基础,运用经典椎间融合术的理论为指导,实现重塑椎间盘形态、椎间孔间接减压,以及矫正腰椎前凸、提高脊柱稳定性的微创介入技术,对于身体素质及病情限制无法行外科手术或者拒绝行保守治疗及外科手术无法取得满意临床疗效的腰痛患者,经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术是安全有效的治疗方法以减轻患者痛苦,提高患者生活质量。目前有关PCD的报道缺乏严格且高质量的随机对照研究以及前瞻性研究,相关的穿刺设备、填充材料等仍在进一步改进,相信这一技术在骨科临床的应用将更加广
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