
结直肠癌改良三药cmFOLFOXIRI方案临床应用中国专家共识
适用人群
(一)在晚期姑息治疗中的应用
1.专家意见:MSS/pMMR的不可切除局部晚期或转移性结直肠癌患者,且ECOG评分0~1分(≤70周岁)或0分(71~75周岁),推荐cmFOLFOXIRI联合贝伐珠单抗方案作为一线姑息治疗的选择。
2.疗程:cmFOLFOXIRI+贝伐珠单抗一线治疗,每4周期进行疗效评估;8周期后未出现疾病进展的患者进入维持治疗(5⁃FU/LV或卡培他滨+贝伐珠单抗)。维持治疗期间出现疾病进展的患者进入或再引入二线治疗。若奥沙利铂相关外周神经毒性<2级,可推荐cmFOLFOXIRI +贝伐珠单抗再引入治疗。
3.说明:意大利GONO研究小组,2007年一项发表在J Clin Oncol的FOLFOXIRI方案对比FOLFIRI一线治疗转移性结直肠癌的三期多中心随机对照临床试验结果显示,FOLFOXIRI组缓解率(response rate,RR)显著高于FOLFIRI组(60%比34%,P<0.0001)[4]。2014年Falcone团队发表的TRIBE研究首次证实,与FOLFIRI+贝伐珠单抗相比,一线FOLFOXIRI+贝伐珠单抗能显著延长晚期结直肠癌患者的PFS(12.1个月比9.7个月)和提高ORR(65%比53%),奠定了FOLFOXIRI+贝伐珠单抗在晚期结直肠癌姑息治疗中强烈治疗方案的基础[5]。
值得注意的是,对于RAS/BRAF野生型的转移性左半结肠癌,NCCN指南推荐抗EGFR单抗联合两药化疗作为一线治疗方案,而FOLFOXIRI联合抗EGFR药物是否可以作为左半野生型转移性结直肠癌的一线姑息治疗策略,尚无足够临床数据。
4.特殊人群的治疗推荐: NCCN指南建议BRAFV600E突变、ECOG评分0~1分的结直肠癌患者一线治疗使用FOLFOXIRI联合贝伐珠单抗。
(二)在转化治疗中的应用
1.专家意见:初始不可切除、但仅有肝或(和)肺转移或(和)可局部处理的淋巴结转移的MSS/pMMR的转移性结直肠癌,且ECOG评分0~1分(≤70周岁)或0分(71~75周岁),推荐cmFOLFOXIRI +贝伐珠单抗方案作为转化治疗的选择。其中RAS/BRAF野生型左半结直肠癌患者推荐cmFOLFOXIRI+抗EGFR单抗(西妥昔单抗)方案作为转化治疗的选择。
2、说明:METHEP研究纳入125例初始不可切除或潜在可切除的结直肠癌肝转移患者,结果显示,与标准的两药化疗相比,FOLFIRINOX显示出更高的有效率,转化率高达67%[14]。一项多个国家的二期随机对照研究(OLIVIA研究)纳入既往未经治疗、初始不可切除的结直肠癌肝转移患者,结果显示,试验组(FOLFOXIRI联合贝伐珠单抗)的ORR显著高于对照组(mFOLFOX6联合贝伐珠单抗)(81%比62%),R0切除率分别为49%和23%,总体手术切除率分别为61%和49%,中位PFS分别为18.6个月和11.5个月;试验组毒性虽高于对照组,但整体可控[15]。
(三)改良三药方案在新辅助治疗中的应用
1.专家意见:对于局部晚期(cT3~4或N2)直肠癌患者,且其ECOG体力状况评分0~1分(≤70周岁)或0分(71~75周岁),推荐cmFOLFOXIRI方案作为新辅助治疗的选择,通过强烈方案以达到肿瘤退缩的效果。
2.疗程:术前新辅助cmFOLFOXIRI方案4~6周期,通过盆腔增强MRI评估肿瘤退缩情况,各中心根据MDT讨论和经验选择后续同步放化疗治疗。
3.说明: FORTUNE研究是一项单臂二期临床试验,旨在评估术前cmFOLFOXIRI+选择性放疗在局部晚期直肠癌的疗效。该研究共纳入106例局部晚期直肠癌患者,术前应用cmFOLFOXIRI化疗4~6周期,根据退缩情况选择性放疗,病理完全缓解率(pathologic complete response,pCR)达20.4%(21/103),肿瘤降期率(ypT0~2N0M0)达42.7%(44/103),总体化疗耐受性良好;cmFOLFOXIRI化疗后共有12例患者进行了长程放化疗,pCR率为41.7%(5/12);92例未接受长程放化疗者(包括2例化疗+短程放疗)的pCR率为17.4%(16/92)[24]。这一研究成果被NCCN指南引用和采纳[25]。
目前,2020年版NCCN指南推荐cT4N+的局部晚期直肠癌可考虑单纯FOLFOXIRI三药新辅助化疗12~16周后再进行放化疗[25]。暂无FOLFOXIRI三药方案在结肠癌新辅助治疗中的数据报道。
二、改良三药方案的用法与剂量
1. cmFOLFOXIRI方案:奥沙利铂85mg/m2静脉滴注>120min,第1天;伊立替康150~165mg/m2静脉滴注90min,第1天;亚叶酸400mg/m2静脉滴注120min,第1天;5⁃FU2400~2800mg/m2持续静脉滴注46~48h;每2周重复。
2.靶向药物:贝伐珠单抗5mg/kg,首次静脉滴注>90min,之后静脉滴注30~60min,第1天,每2周重复;西妥昔单抗500mg/m2,首次静脉滴注>120min,之后静脉滴注>60min,第1天,每2周重复。
在国内,邓艳红教授团队基于中国人群特点、3个化疗药物的作用机制特点和前期研究数据,认为铂类是剂量依赖型药物,剂量不宜调整,而5⁃FU的范围较广取低值,伊立替康的毒性部分与5⁃FU重叠,因此建议20%的剂量下调,形成了中国的改良三药cmFOLFOXIRI方案,将原方案中的伊立替康由180mg/m2减少至150~165mg/m2,5⁃FU由3200mg/m2减少至2400~2800mg/m2。该中心的一项回顾性研究共纳入113例局部晚期和199例转移性结直肠癌患者,使用中国改良版cmFOLFOXIRI +靶向治疗(贝伐珠单抗或西妥昔单抗)方案,对其中177例进行了初步疗效评估,疾病控制率(diseasecontrol rate,DCR)达93.8%,ORR达63.8%,部 分 缓 解 率(partial response,PR)达61.6%;3级以上粒细胞缺乏、疲劳及贫血发生率分别为22.1%、11.2%和8.9%,严重不良事件(粒缺性发热、肠穿孔)发生率为6.4%[30]。
三、不良反应管理
经剂量改良后,cmFOLFOXIRI用于中国结直肠癌人群治疗的不良反应可控,安全性良好,其中常见的3级及以上不良事件主要包括中性粒细胞减少、腹泻和乏力。TRIBE⁃2研究中采用FOLFOXIRI方案的药物剂量强度过高,在不良事件方面,一线治疗期间FOLFOXIRI组最常见的3~4级不良事件是腹泻(17%)和中性粒细胞减少(50%)[6]。而采用cmFOLFOXIRI在我国结直肠癌人群中的3~4级中性粒细胞减少发生率为42.5%,腹泻、乏力以及恶心呕吐发生率分别仅为2%、3.8%和8.5%,较标准剂量FOLFOXIRI方案的不良反应发生率明显降低,患者化疗的完成率也得到有效提高[24,30]。
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